research on addiction

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High rate of relapse after apparently successful treatment is a common problem facing with most approaches to treatment of drug dependency. This has led to the development of a variety of strategies for relapse prevention. Among these, Marlatt’s cognitive – behavioural model has received a good deal of attention. It is based on two major axes: Identification of warning sings and development of necessary skills for coping with risk situations. In fact, client’s perception relating to their abilities to cope with high - risk situations can lead to lapse. Relapes is a function of client’s reaction to this initial lapes.Since formal training for addiction counsellors typically includes instruction on Marlatt’s relapes taxonomy and intervention strategies have been designed based on his classification systems of high – risk stimuli, it is nececsary for addiction counsellors to become familiar with this system. This paper presents an overview of Marlatts taxonomy of high – risk situations for relapse and his approach to relapse prevention. Special attention is given to definition of relapse, stages of relaps and relapse prevention strategies.

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Objectives: This project was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based relapse prevention therapy in opioid dependence treatment and mental health. Methods: In this clinical trial study, 90 patients with the diagnosis of opioid dependence (based on DSM-IV criteria) were randomly to assigned three groups following detoxification: 1- mindfulness based relapse prevention plus Naltroxan, 2- cognitive behavior therapy relapse prevention, plus Naltroxan, 3- Naltroxan alone. The Two experimental groups take 12 weekly session two hours group therapy plus Naltroxan group took Naltroxan only. The data were analyzed with using analysis of variance with repeated measures and chi-square tests. Findings: therapy compliance, retention in treatment, decrease in somatic symptoms, anxiety, social dysfunction and increase in health was significantly in both combination of psychological intervention method than the Naltroxan group. Mindfulness-based on relapse prevention was more effective than CBT relapse prevention in decreasing of, social dysfunction, relapse prevention, increase of therapy compliance, and health. Results: Mindfulness based relapse prevention was superior to CBT and Naltroxan and considerably increased effectiveness of opioid relapse prevention therapy.

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Relapse prevention(RP)is an important component of alcoholism treatment. The RP model proposed by Marlatt and Gordon suggests that both immediate determinants (e.g.,high- risk situations, coping skills, outcome expectancies, and the abstinence violation effect) and covert antecedents (e.g., lifestyle factor and urges and cravings) can contribute to relapse.The RP model also incorporates numerous specific and global intervention strategies that allow therapist and client to address each step of the relapse process. Specific interventions include identifying specific high-risk situations for each client and enhancing the client's skills for coping with those situations, increasing the client's self- efficacy, eliminating myths regarding alcohol's effects, managing lapses, and restructuring the client's perceptions of the relapse process. Global strategies comprise balancing the client's lifestyle and helping him or her develop positive addictions, employing stimulus control techniques and urgemanagement techniques, and developing relapse road maps. Several studies have provided theoretical and practical support for the RP model.

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Objectives:This project assess the impact of group therapy based on chang stages in prevention on relapse of addiction among addict people in kerman. The main pupose of this project is increasing the knowledge in effectivness of this metod. Method: The metod of this experimental,statical populationis all the addicts in kerman. The sample group is 30 pepole, that were selected randomly.Measurement tools are preparedness ruler and clinical interview. The way of performing involves fourteen session thet they were performed after they were choosen. Finding:The analys of data compares by testing of significance two ratio independently. Conclusion:Asaresult accepting hypothesis. The impact of group therapy is based on change stage reduces relapse addicts.

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Objectives: Some of husbands persecute their wife and it is very important case in social pathology. It causes anxiety among families and experts. Addiction is one of factors that intensify this matter. The research purposes focus on effective factors on violence of addicted men against pregnant women. Methods: This is a descriptive study and survey research, which includes a sample of 600 pregnant women taken from Tehran health and care centers. Data gathering is base on questionnaires. Finding:the result of this search was show that rate of experienced violence amonge addicteds wives is more than non-addicteds wives. The analysis of t-test indicat a thet the significant difference bet ween mean niolence experienced among addicted and non-addicteds wives.(p<0/01) Discussion: The findings show relationship between education and income of women and their husband age, kind of addiction and their violent behaviors.

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Introduction: In recent decades because of stimulant and hallucinogenic properties of ecstasy, it has been found so many users among adolescent and youth people. The aim of present study was the study of students' knowledge, attitude and performance related to prevention of using of ecstasy. Method: This descriptive – analytic study has done in 400 female students of government schools of zone no. 17. The sample selected by clustering random sampling and their knowledge, attitude, and performance measured by using of researchers developed questionnaire which shown sufficient level of validity and reliability. Results: The results showed that the majority of students (41%) had low knowledge, 56% had positive attitude, and 55.1% had good performance related to prevention of using of ecstasy. Also, there was positive relationship between students' knowledge and attitude also attitude and performance. There was also positive relationship between some of the demographic characteristics and the students' knowledge, attitude and performance related to prevention of using of ecstasy. Conclusion: Finding of the research showed that the students' knowledge related to use of ecstasy is low, therefore appropriate instructional intervention in order to promote the students' knowledge is necessary.

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Aims: with consideration of the effect of different structural and non-structural elements in narcotic substance abusing, in this research has been tried to achieve local recognition of non-structural effective factors and survey the effectiveness rate of its preventing trainings. Methods: recent article is the result of a surveying with preventing function which has been done in two parts. The first part was survey study, and second part was semi experimental. By clustering random sampling, 40 high school boy students selected and divided to two witness and experimental groups, randomly. The experimental group was under life skills training. Before and after training, tendency to addiction questionnaire administered among both groups. Results: The results indicated the significant difference between experimental and witness groups on the score of tendency to addiction. Conclusion: The results showed that the life skills training can be effective on the reduction of tendency to addiction. Hence, this training is appropriate method for addiction prevention.

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Introduction: The aim of the present research was the investigation of the effectiveness of hope therapy on reduction of the degree of depression symptoms and prevention of relapse in cure-seeker women with dependency to narcotic drugs. Method: In semi-experimental research method 20 clients who diagnosed as substance abuse disorder that completed detoxification period successfully, and they were scored more than 14 in depression symptoms (Beck depression questionnaire, second edition) selected by available sampling and assigned to two experimental (n=10) and witness (n=10) groups randomly. Experimental group was trained for 8 sessions under training of hope therapy and witness group was not under any training. The experimental peple were evaluated by Snyder Hope scale and Beck depression questionnaire and morphine test before beginning of therapy. After it and after the completition of the two months follow-up period. For analyzing of data chi square test, Z test, and ANCOVA were applied. Results: The results showed that hope therapy education could create considerable reduction in degree of depression symptoms of women suffering from addiction. In addition, results of chi square test indicated significant difference between the number of relapsed women in experimental and witness groups. Conclusion: in general, results of this survey show that hope therapy education is effective in reduction of degree of depression symptoms and prediction of relapse in cure-seeker women suffering from addiction.

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Introduction: This study was aimed to compare the efficacy of four drug substance abuse preventive methods: cognitive–behavioral social traioning, life skills training, poster presentation and short message system on attitude change and enhancement self-esteem in students supported by Emdad Committee. Method:This was a quasi experimental study. 150 students were selected and randomly assigned to the four experimental and control groups. The groups were completed attitude of drug substance abuse and self-esteem inventories. Experimental groups received: group 1 received 10 sessions of group cognitive-behavioral social training 120 minutes each, group 2, 10 sessions of life skills training, 120 minutes each, group 3 for 10 weeks into presented of 40 posters and group 4 short message service for 10 weeks. Findings: The results revealed that preventive techniques were effected on attitude and self–esteem. Also results of post-hoc (LSD) test revealed that preventive techniques with difference effectiveness were effected on change attitude of substance abuse. Also cognitive–behavioral social training and life skills training techniques were effected on self esteem. Conclusion: The results of the study revealed that all the four techniques were effective in the generation negative attitude into drug abuse, otherwise only cognitive–behavioral social training and life skills training enhancement on self esteem.

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Aim: the aim of current study was the study of the effectiveness of prevention programs of students’ attitude change toward substance abuse and its effective factors. Method: for this purpose, the studies which related to evaluation of prevention program were gathered. For gathering of these researches related keywords were used and search was done in sites and universities dissertations. Finally, the researches which were conformed to the entrance criterions, were selected and considered information for testing of hypothesizes was extracted by reverse questionnaire which provided by authors. Of 20 selected studies proper statistics for calculation of effect size and other required information were recorded and analyzed by CMA2. Results: the findings showed that altogether, prevention programs of substance abuse were successful on students’ attitude change. The pooled effect size was significant. Because of the amount of pooled effect size was placed in range of 0.6-0.7, and then according to Cohen’s opinion is classified as moderate effect size. The results also, showed the variables as having of theoretical base, transactional approach in program presentation, the severity of program, the using of diversity educational strategies in presentation, the using of peer instructors were affected significantly on the effectiveness of programs. Conclusion: For attaining of more effective programs on students’ attitude change toward substance abuse these results should be considered.

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Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the effectiveness of Matrix model in relapse prevention and enhancement of coping skills in participants with opiate substance dependency. Method: In a semi-experimental study, 23 participants with diagnosis of opiate dependency who successfully detoxified, selected by cluster random sampling and they were divided into two experimental and control groups. The experimental group received 32 sessions of Matrix model training and the control group did not receive any treatment. All subjects were assessed by alcohol abuse coping response inventory (AACRI) and Morphine test before treatment, randomly during treatment, after treatment, and after 3-months follow up stage. Results: The results showed that experimental and control groups had a significant differed in relapse rates. In addition, Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) showed a significant difference between two groups in coping skills enhancement at periods of post test and follow up. Conclusion: With consideration of the results of the present study indicated that matrix model is effective in relapse prevention and coping skills enhancement in people with opiate substance dependency.

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Objective: The purpose of this research was to investigate the relationship between individual and family religiosity with substance abuse. In other side because of the importance of prevention and the role of people beliefs about the causes of substance use/ non-use in this area, the relationship between (university) students’ beliefs about drug and their consequences with amount of the substance use was explored. Method: Study sample included 270 students (128 females and 142 males) from the University of Shiraz that were selected by multistage cluster sampling. They completed religious orientation questionnaire, family religiosity questionnaire and drug questionnaire. Findings: Results indicated significant negative relationship between individual religiosity in general and amount of substance use .however, the relationship between drug use and family religiosity was not found. Also, there was significant negative correlation between believing the consequences (mostly physical and mental) and rate of substance use. Results: According to this results, religious beliefs and considering the consequences of substance use play important role in reducing substance use.

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Objective: The aim of this study was the Study of effectiveness of Marlaat’s cognitive behavior intervention and group treatment based on change stages for recovery and relapse rates in male heroin crack addictions. Method: In a experimental research design, 45 men addictions, who were diagnosed as the dependence of the heroin crack on the basis of DSM-IV-TR criteria, were chosen after successfully detoxified. They were divided two experimental groups (30 participants) and a control group (15 participants) that have been selected by random sampling. The first experimental group was undergone group treatment based on change stages underwent 16 sessions of 1.5 hours, totally 24 hours and the second experimental groups who were undergone Marlaat’s cognitive behavior intervention has been held 15 sessions of 2 hours, totally 24 hours. The control group were just received MMT without any psychotherapy. All participants were assessed by structured interview, urine test, before treatment, after treatment and after 3 months follow up. Results: Results showed that both psychotherapy treatments were affected on recovery and relapse rates. Conclusion: It seems that psychological problems and conflicts before addiction and after addiction could be caused for individuals’ tendency to narcotics consumption. Therefore, applying of psychotherapy could be useful in relapse prevention.

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Abstract Objective: the aim of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of mindfulness-based relapse prevention on the prevention of relapse, craving and self-control in opiate-dependent individuals in Yasuj. Methodology: This quasi-experimental study applied pretest - posttest and a control group. The sample included 30 male patients with drug addiction in Yasuj who were chosen from addiction clinics based on criterion sampling. To collect the required data the short form of Self-Control Scale developed by Tangney was applied. The mindfulness technique was performed on the experimental group for 8 sessions (2 hours each session, one session per week). Findings: Data were analyzed applying univariate analysis of covariance and Chi-square. Results showed that the mean scores of the experimental group decreased in comparison to the control group in terms of craving and increased with regard to self-controlling. In addition, the recurrence rate was lower for the experimental as compared to the pre-test. Conclusion: Mindfulness-based relapse prevention has practical functionality for clinical interventions to reduce craving and relapse rate among drug users and to increase self-control in addicts.

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Objective: The current study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of psychodrama therapy in relapse prevention (RP) and the reduction of depression among opiate-dependent male patients. Method: A quasi-experimental research design along with pre-post tests and follow-up and control group was employed for this study. Using convenience sampling method, the number of 20 opiate-dependent men who had referred to addiction treatment clinics in Kermanshah (Iran) and successfully passed detoxification program was randomly selected as the participants of the study. The experimental group participated in a twelve-session therapy plan during six weeks. Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) was used for data collection purposes. Results: The results of ANCOVA revealed the existence of a significant difference between the two groups in the post-test and follow-up scores. Conclusion: According to the findings, it can be argued that psychodrama intervention can be used as an effective program in the reduction of depression and relapse prevention among opiate-dependent men.

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Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effect of management of primary addiction prevention on male high school second graders. Method: A descriptive-survey design was employed for the conduct of this study and risky and protective factors in drug use were identified in the target population. Then, the number of 850 high-school students at the second grade in municipal districts 5 and 15 of Tehran in 2015 was selected via random clustering sampling method and completed the desired questionnaire. Results: The results showed that primary prevention management, personal factors, social factors, individual factors, and environmental factors were effective in students in relation to the use of narcotics and psychotropic substances; however, the interpersonal factors were not effective. Conclusion: The obtained mean value was above the estimated average, which indicates the significant effect of primary prevention management on preventing drug abuse and use of psychotropic substances among students.

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Objective: This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral coping skills training and mindfulness-based relapse prevention program in the improvement of treatment motivation among drug dependent individuals. Method: An experimental research design along with pretest-posttest control group was used in this study. The drug dependent individuals who referred to drug addiction centers in Ardabil in the first half of 2015 constituted the statistical population of this study. from among this population, the number of 60 subjects was selected via ransom cluster sampling method and participated in this study. In the next stage, the sample units were palced into three groups, namely cognitive-behavioral coping skills (n = 20), mindfulness-based relapse prevention (n = 20), and control group (n = 20). Then, Stages of Change Readiness and Treatment Eagerness Scale (SOCRATES) was administered to the tehree groups as the pre-test. Thaerafter, therapeutic interventions were performed on the experimental groups and, eventually, all the three groups responded to this questionnaire as the post-test. Results: The results showed that there is a difference between the three groups in the post-test mean scores of Taking Steps, Recognition. The results Bonferroni post-hoc test showed that both treatment methods were equally effective in the increase of Recognition; however, mindfulness-based relapse prevention program was more effective in improving Taking Steps. Conclusion: The results of this study emphasize the need for using training methods of cognitive-behavioral coping skills and mindfulness-basrelapse prevention program as complementary methods to medical treatment in drug dependent patients under treatment.

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Objective: The aim of this research was to conduct a content analysis on addiction prevention educational packages related to Welfare Organization based on addiction prevention components. Method: A qualitative research method and content analysis based on Shannon entropy model were used for the conduct of this study. The statistical population of the study included all educational packages of addiction prevention belonging to Welfare Organization and the sample of the study consisted of Addiction Prevention Package, Life Skills (1), and Life Skills (2). Results: The results showed that self-awareness and empathy have received the highest attention and decision-making and problem-solving are ranked in the next places in the content of addiction prevention package. On the other hand, effective communication, creative and critical thinking, teaching about drugs, and coping with stress have received the minimum attention in the content of the package. In book of Life Skills (1), decision-making, problem-solving, effective communication, and teaching about drugs have been assigned the highest attention whereas coping with stress, emotions management, creative and critical thinking, self-awareness, and empathy have been given the lowest voice. In book of Life Skills (2), the highest attention has been paid to decision-making, problem-solving, self-awareness, empathy, and effective communication while the lowest attention has been given to creative and critical thinking, teaching about drugs, coping with stress, and emotions management. Conclusion: Given that some components of addiction prevention have not been given enough attention, their inclusion into educational packages will make an effective contribution to the improvement of knowledge in the target population.

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Objective: The comorbidity of substance abuse and mood and anxiety disorders have been proven in various studies and have led to a lot of clinical implications. This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of mindfulness-based relapse prevention and common treatment in substance abuse and symptoms of depression and anxiety among addicts. Method: This study was conducted within the framework of a quasi-experimental design with pretest-posttest control group and follow-up. Based on the Structured Clinical Interview and the acquisition of inclusion criteria, the number of sixty-three participants was selected via purposive sampling from among the men suffering from substance abuse, anxiety, and depression. Thereafter, the participants were divided into two groups, mindfulness-based relapse prevention group and conventional treatment group. Pennsylvania Alcohol Craving Scale, Beck Anxiety Inventory, and the Beck Depression Inventory were used for data collection. Results: The results showed that mindfulness-based relapse prevention interventions were effective in reducing cravings and symptoms of depression and anxiety. Conclusion: Due to the effectiveness of mindfulness-based relapse prevention interventions in the decrease of cravings and symptoms of depression and anxiety in addicts, these results can have good practical implications for clinicians working in addiction centers.

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Objective: this study focuses on viewpoint of instructors about addiction prevention elements in the content of the thinking and life style book of seventh grade in academic year 2013-14. Method: this study is a descriptive survey with sample of 74 instructors of seventh grade, selected by proportional stratified random method. The study tool is author designed inventory to review perceptions and expectations of instructors in seven elements. Selected data were analyzed using single sample t-test, dependent t-test, and Freedman test. Findings: according to the results, instructors believe in the content of thinking and life style book of seventh grade emotions and stress management is most and education about Drugs is less emphasized. Results of Freedman test also show the emotions and stress management has the highest and education about Drugs the lowest average score. Results of t dependent test, however, show a difference between perceptions and expectations of instructors in addiction prevention elements, and they should be more highlighted. Conclusion: the viewpoint of instructors on considering addiction prevention elements in thinking and life style book of seventh grade is positive and placing addiction prevention issues and life skills such as thinking skills and integration of teaching materials in textbooks can be important in different ways.